Hi everyone,

I'm working on a system to automatically generate a vline~ message list starting from a custom envelope shape stored in an array, originally extracted from a .wav file.

I want to build a dynamic vline~ list like this: 0, 1 93.753, 1 0 187.506

But instead of typing values manually, I'd like to generate it automatically based on the shape of an envelope loaded from a waveform (array).

I already convert the array index to milliseconds using: [expr ($f1 / 44100) * 1000]
And I can manually draw or extract the envelope into an array — but I’m struggling to automate the construction of the vline~ list so it correctly represents:

• attacks
• holds
• releases
• plateaus (ecc)

at the moment i Load a .wav file containing an envelope shape, Store it into an array. Detect meaningful breakpoints (e.g. slope changes, thresholds) and Use those to automatically create a proper vline~ sequence.

here the patch and one env wav file
impose-envelope-wavetable-analog.pd
strike-1_6.wav

Is there a way to extract breakpoints or slope changes from an array to build a proper vline~ message?
Has anyone implemented something similar (using an envelope from a .wav as a wavetable)?
Would “wavetable envelope” be a good term for this? Is there a better one in Pd terminology?

Thanks in advance if anyone has ideas or guidance.
Even partial thoughts or pointers would help a lot!

I almost forgot: At the moment, I’m using GPT to convert the vline~ list into the format 0, 1 93.753, 1 0 187.506 (just an example), starting from a total duration in milliseconds — in this case, 2176 ms. This naturally results in very complex lists, like something along these lines:
0, 1 100, 0.6 400 100, 0.3 2000 500, 0.15 3000 2500, 0 10491 5500

I’d really like to find a way to resolve this and automate the process, but since I’m still a beginner, I wonder if I’m just making things unnecessarily complicated?

Emiliano

Ok, the cat is out of the bag --> https://github.com/porres/pd-else/releases/tag/1.0-rc13 I'm officialy announcing the update and uploaded binaries to deken for mac (intel/arm), Win and Linux. It all looks ok but tell me if you see something funny please. There's also a raspberry pi binary but not working 100%yet and we'll still look into that. Hopefully someone could help me/us with it. I might make another upload just for the pi later on if/when we figure it out. Find release notes and changelog below.

---

RELEASE NOTES:

Please support me on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/porres I'll now try to add special content for subscribers. You can follow me on instagram as well if you like... I'm always posting Pd development stuff over there https://www.instagram.com/alexandre.torres.porres/

It's been a little bit over 7 months since the last update and I almost broke the record for taking too long to release an update (which had happened in my previous update). So yeah, there's just too much to talk about! I guess the delays in releasing updates is because it's been a little tricky and hard to sync the release cycles of ELSE with PlugData, which includes ELSE in its download.

Plugdata 0.9.2 should come out soon with ELSE RC13 and it's supposedly the last update before 1.0.0, so I've heard. And the plans was to get to that still in 2025! This means ELSE could be at its last "Release Candidate" phase as I'm aiming to sync the final release with PlugData. Until then, I'll still make breaking changes and I can't wait until I can't do that anymore as I really feel bad. On the other hand, it's kind of inevitable when I'm always adding new stuff and redesigning and reconfiguring objects to include more functionalities. And I always got a lot of new stuff! So I'm thinking that I will eventually try some mechanism like Pd's compatibility flag or something. I'll try to come up with something like that in the next update.

This update has 22 new objects for a total of 573 and 26 new examples in my tutorial for a total of 554 examples. Let's dive into the highlights (see full changelog below after the release notes).

• Multichannel Support: Last release had 92 MC aware objects, now it's 139! Over a 50% increase that include old and new objects (all the new ones have been coming with MC support). Virtually all oscillators and envelope generators now have MC support, plus some other random ones. Let me highlight the new [lace~]/[delace~] objects that are 'MC' tools that perform interleave/deinterleave in Multichannel connections. My bare minimum number of objects "to start with" would be at least a bit over half the number of signal objects. That was my target for 1.0! ELSE right now has 319 signal objects, so that'd be at least 160. I will definitely pass this milestone in the next update. I guess a good number of MC objects would be around 75% of the signal objects. I will aim for that as soon as I can. Some objects simply can't be MC at all, so 100% will never be the case, but maybe an ideal 90% eventually? We'll see... I am just proud and happy that ELSE is taking such a big jump on MC awareness in less than a couple years.

• Envelope generators ([adsr~]/[asr~]/[envgen~]/[function~]) now have more curve options. For [adsr~]/[asr~] the default is now a new log curve that you can set the curve parameter (and was 'stolen' from SuperCollider). A new [smooth~] family of objects perform the same kind of curved smoothening for alternating inputs - [envgen~] and [function~] also have that but also '1-pole' filtering, 'sine' and 'hann' curves. You can now trigger [adsr~] and [asr~] with impulses.

• The [play.file~] object now supports even more file formats besides MP3 and stuff. Hey, you can even stream the supported formats from weblinks! The [sfload] object (which loads files into arrays) also gained support for more formats and can download from weblinks as well! It also has a new threaded mode, so loading big files won't choke Pd. It now also outputs the file information, which is a way to tell you when loading finished in threaded mode. The [sample~], [player~], [gran.player~] and [pvoc.player~] objects are now also based on [sfload], so they support all these file formats!!! Now [sample~] and [tabplayer~] are integrated in a way that [tabplayer~] is always aware of the sample rate of the file loaded in [sample~] (so it reads in the "correct speed"). A new [sfinfo] object is able to extract looping regions and instrument metadata information from AIFF files (which is something I wanted for ages) - it should do more stuff in the future.

• [knob] has become the ultimate featured bloated creep GUI I always feared and avoided. MAX is envy! but I'm happy with this structure and I want to replicate in other GUIs in the future (yeah, I got plans to offer alternatives to all iemguis). I wanna highlight a new 'param' symbol I added that allows you to remotely set a particular method in an object, so you don't to connect to a "method $1" message and you can even do this wirelessly with a send symbol. [knob] now also acts like a number box, where you can type in the value, which may also be displayed in different ways or the value can be sent elsewhere via another send symbol so you can temper with it using [makefilename] or [else/format]. I've been using this for the MERDA modules and it's really cool.

• We finally have a [popmenu] GUI object! This was in my to do list forever and was crucial to improve the MERDA modules to set waveforms, instruments and whatnot.

• Let's about MERDA, the "Modular Euroracks Dancing Along" subset of abstractions in ELSE. It was first released in the last update and it's been driving lots of the development in ELSE as you can see. I now added a MIDI Learn feature for all knobs that feels great and quite handy! There are many fixes and improvements in general and some new modules. I wanna highlight the new [sfont.m~] module, which loads "sound font" banks and you can just click on a [popmenu] to choose the instrument you want. The default bank has numerous (hundreds) options and also comes with PlugData. The sequencer module [seq8.m~] was rather worthless but it's now a whole new cool thingie. It allows you to set pitches with symbols and even has quarter tone resolution. I added a right outlet to send impulses to trigger envelopes and stuff (there's still more stuff of course, see full changelog below).

• There are newly designed/renamed/recreated [resonbank~]/[resonbank2~] objects that are well suited for Modal Synthesis.

• What actually drives my development is my Live Electronics tutorial, which got a fair upgrade with a new chapter on Modal Synthesis amongst other things, such as new subtractive synthesis examples and a revision of envelope generators with examples on AHDSR and DAHDSR - by the way, there are new gaterelease~/gatedelay~ objects for handling envelopes (and other processes).

• I have to thank some people. Tim added 'zoom' to the [pic] object, as well as an image offset. Tim also implemented a new and better technique for bandlimited oscillators. Ben Wesh gave me a new [scope3d~] GUI object, pretty cool, that plots an oscilloscope in 3 dimensions, which is coded in LUA - and ELSE has been carrying a modified version of [pdlua] because it now depends on it for a couple of GUIs. Tim and Ben made many improvements to [pdlua] (as well as Albert Graef, of course).

• For more new objects, let me also tell you about the simple and cool [float2imp~], that is based on [vline~] and can convert floats to impulses with sample accuracy (don't know why I didn't think of that earlier). A new [tanh~] object has Multichannel support. A bit earlier I made an update to Cyclone that actually "borrows" and includes this one from ELSE instead of its original one (which does not have Multichannel support). PlugData users will load the one from ELSE. This is another tiny step that sort of integrates ELSE and Cyclone, specially for PlugData users.

happy patching.

---

CHANGELOG:

LIBRARY:

Breaking changes:

• [adsr~]/[asr~]: now a gate off before reaching the sustain point does not start the release right away (this allows you to trigger it with impulses). There's a new mode just for immediate release. There's a new exponential setting for curve factors, the old 'log' mode is renamed to 'lag' as it's the same as used in the [lag~] object. For [adsr~], a bang now is not "retrigger", but an impulse at control rate, there's a new 'retrigger' message for control rate retriggering (and now it only retriggers if the gate is on). For [asr~] a bang now also works like an impulse.
• [sample~]: no more 'load' message, args to 'open' message changed, size is now only in 'ms'.
• [format]: outputs are now always symbols, before you could get float outputs. Also, we just have a simplified symbol output, no more lists or anythings. Hopefully I'll be able to get the 'list' output back, but it involved some bugs that I couldn't fix so I just removed it. You cannot use bangs and lists in secondary inlets no more (this is cylone/max crappy paradigm we don't want here). Bang method was actually removed as well.
• [pack2]: no more support for anythings, also no more support for lists in secondary inlets and output has a list selector (I wanna make this more Pd like and not a silly clone from MAX's [pak], cause fuck MAX).
• [merge]/[unmerge]/[group]: no more '-trim' flag (again, respecting pd's usual list paradigm), in [merge] now there's no more 'hot' argument and a bang now represents an empty list and inlets initialized with empty lists
• [mono]: 1st argument is now 'glide' in ms.
• [sfont~] now uses 'mma' for bank selection (this alters how CC messages set the bank number).
• [player~]/[play.file~]: 'open' message does not play files right away anymore.
• [tabplayer~]/[player~]: play message without args now play at the default settings (whole file at regular speed).
• [envgen~]: removed the 'maxsustain' parameter, use the new [gaterelease~] or [gaterelease] objects instead. Removed the rightmost inlet just to set envelopes, now a list input only sets the envelope and doesn't trigger it. The 'set' message is then removed.
• [envgen~]/[function~]: simplified and got rid of '-exp' flag and message, also deleted 'expl' and 'expi' messages. A new 'curve' and cimpler message sets exponential factors for all or individual segments, and includes more curve formats.
• [knob]: 'esc' key now deactivates the object. The 'ticks' message is renamed to 'steps' and there is a new 'ticks' message that toggles showing ticks on and off. The 'start' message has been renamed to 'arcstart'. The 'outline' message has been renamed to 'square' for better clarity. Design changed a bit to make it like it is in PlugData (they won), so we now fill the whole background color when in 'square mode' and the knob circle has an 85% proportion in this case inside the full 100% square size (so it grows bigger when not in 'square' mode). Now, by default, the GUI is in a new 'loadbang' mode (I don't think this will influence old patches). I'm afraid some old patches might behave really weird since I added a lot of new stuff. I changed the 'load' message behaviour to not update the object (this can arguably be considered a bug fix).
• [wavetable~], [bl.wavetable~] and [wt2d~]: 'set' message now sets frequencies because of the MC support in [wt~] and [wt2d~], while there's a new 'table' method to set the table name.
• [gbman~]/[cusp~] list method is now for MC, old list method is now renamed back to an old 'coeffs' method.
• [f2s~]/[float2sig~] default value is now 10 ms.
• [op] now behaves like [*~] where the smaller list wraps til reaching the size of the longer one.
• [list.seq] does not loop anymore by default.
• [impseq~] list input removed, use the new [float2imp~] object to convert floats to impulses.
• [resonant~] now has 'q' as the default.
• [resonant2~] has been removed.
• [decay2~] has also been removed ([asr~] much better).
• [vcf2~] has been renamed to [resonator2~].
• [resonbank~]/[resonbank2~] have basically been deleted and replaced by new objects with the same name... [resonator~] is based on a new [resonator~] object which is similar to [resonant~] and [resonbank2~] is now based on [resonator2~] (old [vcf2~] instead of [resonant2~] that got deleted). These are well suited objects for Modal Synthesis.
• [oscbank~] now uses a 'partial' list and not a frequency list. The freq input now defaults to '1' and this makes [oscbank2~] completely obsolete.
• [oscbank2~] has been deleted since it became completely obsolete.
• [sfload] load message changed the behaviour a bit.

Enhancements/fixes/other changes:

• [adsr~]: We have now a new mode for immediate release (see breaking changes above, I'm not repeating it). Fixed ADSR signal inputs (it was simply not really working, specially for linear). Fixed status output for MC signals. There's a new curve parameter that allows you to set the curvature.
• [asr~] I actually just made the new [adsr~] code into a new [asr~] code as a simplified version (as it was before)... so it's got the same impromevents/fixes.
• [play.file~]: added support for more file formats and even weblinks for online streaming!
• [sfload]: added an outlet to output information, added threaded mode, added support for more file formats and even weblinks for downloading.
• [sample~], [player~], [gran.player~] and [pvoc.player~] are now also based on [sfload], so they support more file formats!
• [sample~]: improved extension management with [file splitext].
• [sample~] and [tabplayer~] now are automatically integrated in a way that [tabplayer~] is always aware of the sample rate of the file loaded in [sample~], so it automatically adjusts the reading speed if it is different than the one Pd is running with.
• [numbox~]'s number display is not preceded by "~" anymore (that was just kinda stupid to have).
• [format]: fixed issues where empty symbols and symbols with escaped spaces didn't work. Added support '%a' and '%A' type. Added support for an escaped 'space' flag. Improved and added support for length modifiers. Improved syntax check which prevents a crash. Improved documentation.
• [knob]: added new 'param', 'var', 'savestate', 'read only', 'loadbang', "active", "reset" and 'ticks' methods. Added the possibility to type in number values and also modes on how to display these number values, plus new send symbols for 'activity', 'typing', 'tab' and 'enter'. New design more like plugdata. Changed some shortcuts to make it simpler. If you have the yet unreleased Pd 0.56-0 you can also use 'double clicking' in the same way that works in PlugData. Properties were also significantly improved (I'm finally starting to learn how to deal with this tcl/tk thingie). Yup, a lot of shit here...
• [autofade2~]/[autofade2.mc~]: fixed immediate jump up for 0 ramp up.
• [synth~]: fixed polyphony bug.
• [metronome~]: fixed bug with 'set' message.
• [midi2note]: fixed range (octaves 0-8).
• [pulsecount~]: fixed reset count to not output immediately, added bang to reset counter at control rate
• [click]: fixed regression bug where it stopped working.
• [else]: new 'dir' method to output ELSE's binary directory in a new rightmost outlet. The print information also includes the directory.
• [pic]: added zoom capability finally (thanks to tim schoen) and added offset message (also thanks to tim).
• [store]: added 'sort' functionality.
• [scales]: fixed octave number argument. Added functionality to allow octave number as part of the note symbol.
• [mono]: added 'glide' parameter, as in [mono~].
• [pluck~]: fixed list input.
• [rescale]/[rescale~]: added a "reverse log" mode.
• [limit]: added a new second ignore mode.
• [graph~]: added an external source input for plotting the graph and a 'clear' message.
• [canvas.setname]: added a new argument for "abstraction mode" and methods to set name, depth (and mode).
• [midi.learn]: added a new argument for "abstraction mode", fixed 'dirty' message sent to parent.
• [brickwall~]: fixed initialization.
• [list.seq]: added a loop mode and a 2nd outlet to send a bang when the sequence is done.
• [delete]: fixed index for positive numbers.
• [dust~]: added 'list', 'set' and '-mc' flag for managing the already existing Multichannel capabilities.
• Thanks to Tim we have many fixes and a whole new technique for band limited oscillators. Now [bl.saw~], [bl.saw2~], [bl.vsaw~], [bl.square~], [bl.tri~], [bl.imp~] and [bl.imp2~] have been redesigned to implement elliptic blep, which should provide better anti-aliasing.
• [parabolic~] now uses and internal wavetable for more efficiency.
• [resonant~]: added 'bw' resonance mode.
• [lowpass~]/[highpass~]: added 't60' resonance mode.
• [quantizer~]/[quantizer]: added a new mode, which combines floor (for negative) and ceil (for positive) values.
• [crusher~]: now uses the new [quantizer~] mode from above (arguably a breaking change).
• [envgen~]: fixed a bug (actually a misconception) where ramps started one sample earlier. Fixed 0-length lines. Added a possibility to set time in samples instead of ms. Maximum number of lines is now 1024. Added loop mode. Added many curve options (sin/hann/log curve/lag).
• [function~]: Added many curve options (sin/hann/log curve/lag).
• [The out~] family of abstractions now use [bitnormal~] so you won't blow your speakers beyond repair in edge cases.
• [trig.delay~]/[trig.delay2~]: fixed bug where impulse values different than '1' didn't work.
• Added MC support to: [trig.delay~], [trig.delay2~], [gatehold~], [vca.m~], [gain2~], [decay~], [asr~], [envgen~], [function~], [bl.osc~], [bl.saw~], [bl.saw2~], [bl.vsaw~], [bl.square~], [bl.tri~], [bl.imp~], [bl.imp2~], [imp2~], [tri~], [saw~], [saw2~], [vsaw~], [square~], [pulse~], [parabolic~], [gaussian~], [wavetable~], [wt2d~], [randpulse~], [randpulse2~], [stepnoise~], [rampnoise~] [pink~], [gbamn~], [cusp~], [gray~] and [white~].
• Also added MIDI input and soft sync to [imp2~], [tri~], [saw~], [saw2~], [vsaw~], [square~], [pulse~], [gaussian~] and [parabolic~].
• [wavetable~] and [wt2d~] gained args to set xfading.
• Updated pdlua to 0.12.23.
• M.E.R.D.A: Added MIDI-LEARN for all modules (this is only for the knobs). Replaced some number boxes that were attached to knobs by an internal number display mechanism (new feature from knob). Improved interface of [gendyn.m~]. Preset/symbol name fixes to [flanger.m~]. Now we have automatic MIDI mode detection for [plaits.m~] and [pluck.m~] when no signals are connected (still trying to get plaits right, huh? Yup! And bow MIDI input with monophony and trigger mode has been fixed in [plaits.m~]). Added MC support to [vca.m~]. Increased range of [drive.m~] down to 0.1. Changed some objects to include the new [popmenu] GUI. [vco.m~] now uses the new MC functionalities of oscillators and doesn't need to load abstractions into [clone], I hope it makes this more efficient and clean. The [seq8.m~] module was worthless and got a decent upgrade, it's practically a new module. Added new modules (see below). Note that MERDA is still at alpha development phase, much experimental. Expect changes as it evolves.
• 22 new objects: [float2imp~], [lace], [delace], [lace~], [delace~], [gatehold], [gatedelay],[gatedelay~], [gaterelease~], [gaterelease], [popmenu], [scope3d~], [tanh~], [resonator~], [sfinfo], [smooth], [smooth2], [smooth~], [smooth2~], [dbgain~], [level~] plus [crusher.m~], [sfont.m~] and [level.m~] MERDA Modules.

Objects count: total of 573 (319 signal objects [139 of which are MC aware] and 254 control objects)!

• 323 coded objects (210 signal objects / 113 control objects)
• 227 abstractions objects (87 signal objects / 140 control objects)
• 23 MERDA modular abstractions (22 audio / 1 control)

---

TUTORIAL:

• New examples and revisions to add the new objects, features and breaking changes in ELSE.
• Added the MERDA modules into the examples for reference.
• Revised section on envelopes.
• New subtractive synthesis examples.
• New chapter on Modal Synthesis.
• Total number of examples is now 554! (26 new ones)

---

I'm new to PD and don't really understand how it works and I need urgent help with a practice, it consists of the following:
a. Design and implement an envelope.
b. The envelope should work as a subpatch.
c. Test the envelope using an LFO and some kind of signal generator. You can use any kind of synthesis.
d. Show at least two practical examples of the use of the envelope.
Expected results
You should have a patch showing the use of the envelope. This should show:
• The envelope as a subpatch.
• The LFO as a subpatch showing the main controls.
• A patch demonstrating the usefulness of the low frequency oscillator and the envelope. This demonstration should be clear and well-founded.
o Sound generation
o Drum synthesis
Please, someone help me

I wanted to build PD on Windows 10 to get ASIO support. I failed when I used the "Source" files from the PD website. I succeeded when I used source that I cloned from Github. I followed the same instructions from the wiki both when I failed and when I succeeded. (They are the same as in the manual, just a little more concise.)

I am sharing below my terminal output from the failed build attempts from the downloaded source code (the tar.gz file). Some of these messages suggest that there might be errors in the makefiles. I don't know anything about makefiles, so I can't really interpret the errors. But I did want to pass them along, in case a developer might find them useful. Here you go:

bhage@LAPTOP-F1TU0LRH MINGW64 /c/Users/bhage/Downloads/pd-0.51-4
$ ./autogen.sh
libtoolize: putting auxiliary files in AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR, 'm4/config'.
libtoolize: linking file 'm4/config/config.guess'
libtoolize: linking file 'm4/config/config.sub'
libtoolize: linking file 'm4/config/install-sh'
libtoolize: linking file 'm4/config/ltmain.sh'
libtoolize: putting macros in AC_CONFIG_MACRO_DIRS, 'm4/generated'.
libtoolize: linking file 'm4/generated/libtool.m4'
libtoolize: linking file 'm4/generated/ltoptions.m4'
libtoolize: linking file 'm4/generated/ltsugar.m4'
libtoolize: linking file 'm4/generated/ltversion.m4'
libtoolize: linking file 'm4/generated/lt~obsolete.m4'
configure.ac:166: warning: The macro `AC_LIBTOOL_DLOPEN' is obsolete.
configure.ac:166: You should run autoupdate.
aclocal.m4:8488: AC_LIBTOOL_DLOPEN is expanded from...
configure.ac:166: the top level
configure.ac:166: warning: AC_LIBTOOL_DLOPEN: Remove this warning and the call to _LT_SET_OPTION when you
configure.ac:166: put the 'dlopen' option into LT_INIT's first parameter.
../autoconf-2.71/lib/autoconf/general.m4:2434: AC_DIAGNOSE is expanded from...
aclocal.m4:8488: AC_LIBTOOL_DLOPEN is expanded from...
configure.ac:166: the top level
configure.ac:167: warning: The macro `AC_LIBTOOL_WIN32_DLL' is obsolete.
configure.ac:167: You should run autoupdate.
aclocal.m4:8523: AC_LIBTOOL_WIN32_DLL is expanded from...
configure.ac:167: the top level
configure.ac:167: warning: AC_LIBTOOL_WIN32_DLL: Remove this warning and the call to _LT_SET_OPTION when you
configure.ac:167: put the 'win32-dll' option into LT_INIT's first parameter.
../autoconf-2.71/lib/autoconf/general.m4:2434: AC_DIAGNOSE is expanded from...
aclocal.m4:8523: AC_LIBTOOL_WIN32_DLL is expanded from...
configure.ac:167: the top level
configure.ac:168: warning: The macro `AC_PROG_LIBTOOL' is obsolete.
configure.ac:168: You should run autoupdate.
aclocal.m4:121: AC_PROG_LIBTOOL is expanded from...
configure.ac:168: the top level
configure.ac:182: warning: The macro `AC_HEADER_STDC' is obsolete.
configure.ac:182: You should run autoupdate.
../autoconf-2.71/lib/autoconf/headers.m4:704: AC_HEADER_STDC is expanded from...
configure.ac:182: the top level
configure.ac:213: warning: The macro `AC_TYPE_SIGNAL' is obsolete.
configure.ac:213: You should run autoupdate.
../autoconf-2.71/lib/autoconf/types.m4:776: AC_TYPE_SIGNAL is expanded from...
configure.ac:213: the top level
configure.ac:235: warning: The macro `AC_CHECK_LIBM' is obsolete.
configure.ac:235: You should run autoupdate.
aclocal.m4:3879: AC_CHECK_LIBM is expanded from...
configure.ac:235: the top level
configure.ac:276: warning: The macro `AC_TRY_LINK' is obsolete.
configure.ac:276: You should run autoupdate.
../autoconf-2.71/lib/autoconf/general.m4:2920: AC_TRY_LINK is expanded from...
m4/universal.m4:14: PD_CHECK_UNIVERSAL is expanded from...
configure.ac:276: the top level
configure.ac:168: installing 'm4/config/compile'
configure.ac:9: installing 'm4/config/missing'
asio/Makefile.am: installing 'm4/config/depcomp'

bhage@LAPTOP-F1TU0LRH MINGW64 /c/Users/bhage/Downloads/pd-0.51-4
$ autoupdate
configure.ac:182: warning: The preprocessor macro `STDC_HEADERS' is obsolete.
  Except in unusual embedded environments, you can safely include all
  ISO C90 headers unconditionally.
configure.ac:213: warning: your code may safely assume C89 semantics that RETSIGTYPE is void.
Remove this warning and the `AC_CACHE_CHECK' when you adjust the code.

bhage@LAPTOP-F1TU0LRH MINGW64 /c/Users/bhage/Downloads/pd-0.51-4
$ ^C

bhage@LAPTOP-F1TU0LRH MINGW64 /c/Users/bhage/Downloads/pd-0.51-4
$ ./configure
configure: loading site script /etc/config.site
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for a race-free mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
checking whether make supports nested variables... yes
checking build system type... x86_64-w64-mingw32
checking host system type... x86_64-w64-mingw32
configure: iPhone SDK only available for arm-apple-darwin hosts, skipping tests
configure: Android SDK only available for arm-linux hosts, skipping tests
checking for as... as
checking for dlltool... dlltool
checking for objdump... objdump
checking how to print strings... printf
checking whether make supports the include directive... yes (GNU style)
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.exe
checking for suffix of executables... .exe
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether the compiler supports GNU C... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc option to enable C11 features... none needed
checking whether gcc understands -c and -o together... yes
checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3
checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /usr/bin/sed
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /usr/bin/grep
checking for egrep... /usr/bin/grep -E
checking for fgrep... /usr/bin/grep -F
checking for ld used by gcc... C:/msys64/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe
checking if the linker (C:/msys64/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe) is GNU ld... yes
checking for BSD- or MS-compatible name lister (nm)... /mingw64/bin/nm -B
checking the name lister (/mingw64/bin/nm -B) interface... BSD nm
checking whether ln -s works... no, using cp -pR
checking the maximum length of command line arguments... 8192
checking how to convert x86_64-w64-mingw32 file names to x86_64-w64-mingw32 format... func_convert_file_msys_to_w32
checking how to convert x86_64-w64-mingw32 file names to toolchain format... func_convert_file_msys_to_w32
checking for C:/msys64/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe option to reload object files... -r
checking for objdump... (cached) objdump
checking how to recognize dependent libraries... file_magic ^x86 archive import|^x86 DLL
checking for dlltool... (cached) dlltool
checking how to associate runtime and link libraries... func_cygming_dll_for_implib
checking for ar... ar
checking for archiver @FILE support... @
checking for strip... strip
checking for ranlib... ranlib
checking command to parse /mingw64/bin/nm -B output from gcc object... ok
checking for sysroot... no
checking for a working dd... /usr/bin/dd
checking how to truncate binary pipes... /usr/bin/dd bs=4096 count=1
checking for mt... no
checking if : is a manifest tool... no
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checking for vfork.h... no
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checking for objdir... .libs
checking if gcc supports -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions... no
checking for gcc option to produce PIC... -DDLL_EXPORT -DPIC
checking if gcc PIC flag -DDLL_EXPORT -DPIC works... yes
checking if gcc static flag -static works... yes
checking if gcc supports -c -o file.o... yes
checking if gcc supports -c -o file.o... (cached) yes
checking whether the gcc linker (C:/msys64/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe) supports shared libraries... yes
checking whether -lc should be explicitly linked in... yes
checking dynamic linker characteristics... Win32 ld.exe
checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate
checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes
checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes
checking whether to build shared libraries... yes
checking whether to build static libraries... yes
checking for gcc... (cached) gcc
checking whether the compiler supports GNU C... (cached) yes
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checking dependency style of gcc... (cached) gcc3
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checking whether the compiler supports GNU C++... yes
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checking dynamic linker characteristics... Win32 ld.exe
checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate
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configure: Using included PortAudio
configure: Using included PortMidi
checking that generated files are newer than configure... done
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating Makefile
config.status: creating asio/Makefile
config.status: creating doc/Makefile
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config.status: creating portmidi/Makefile
config.status: creating tcl/Makefile
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config.status: creating po/Makefile
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config.status: creating extra/pique/GNUmakefile
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config.status: creating pd.pc
config.status: executing depfiles commands
config.status: executing libtool commands
configure:

    pd 0.51.4 is now configured

    Platform:             MinGW
    Debug build:          no
    Universal build:      no
    Localizations:        yes
    Source directory:     .
    Installation prefix:  /mingw64

    Compiler:             gcc
    CPPFLAGS:
    CFLAGS:               -g -O2 -ffast-math -funroll-loops -fomit-frame-pointer -O3
    LDFLAGS:
    INCLUDES:
    LIBS:                 -lpthread

    External extension:   dll
    External CFLAGS:      -mms-bitfields
    External LDFLAGS:     -s -Wl,--enable-auto-import -no-undefined -lpd

    fftw:                 no
    wish(tcl/tk):         wish85.exe
    audio APIs:           PortAudio ASIO MMIO
    midi APIs:            PortMidi


bhage@LAPTOP-F1TU0LRH MINGW64 /c/Users/bhage/Downloads/pd-0.51-4
$ make
CDPATH="${ZSH_VERSION+.}:" && cd . && /bin/sh '/c/Useras/bhage/Downloads/pd-0.51-4/m4/config/missing' aclocal-1.16 -I m4/generated -I m4
configure.ac:170: error: AC_REQUIRE(): cannot be used outside of an AC_DEFUN'd macro
configure.ac:170: the top level
autom4te: error: /usr/bin/m4 failed with exit status: 1
aclocal-1.16: error: autom4te failed with exit status: 1
make: *** [Makefile:451: aclocal.m4] Error 1

bhage@LAPTOP-F1TU0LRH MINGW64 /c/Users/bhage/Downloads/pd-0.51-4
$ make app
CDPATH="${ZSH_VERSION+.}:" && cd . && /bin/sh '/c/Users/bhage/Downloads/pd-0.51-4/m4/config/missing' aclocal-1.16 -I m4/generated -I m4
configure.ac:170: error: AC_REQUIRE(): cannot be used outside of an AC_DEFUN'd macro
configure.ac:170: the top level
autom4te: error: /usr/bin/m4 failed with exit status: 1
aclocal-1.16: error: autom4te failed with exit status: 1
make: *** [Makefile:451: aclocal.m4] Error 1

Amplitude modulation of any sort, including envelopes, always distorts the spectrum to some extent.

Normally we don't notice because typical sounds have a complex spectrum, which masks the distortion.

But here, you are applying it to an artificially simple spectrum, containing only DC offset. DC offset is silent, and the spectral distortion is not, so there is nothing to cover it.

I generated an audio file with a 30 ms ramp up and 50 ms ramp down. For comparison, I applied this envelope to a sine wave in the right channel. Then I opened this file in Audacity and looked at the spectrogram.

I think it's pretty easy to see here why the envelope might be audible in the case of DC * envelope, but not perceptible in the case of the audible signal * envelope.

Bottom line is, just because you hear spectral distortion in an artificial scenario which you would never encounter with audible signals, doesn't mean that it will be noticeable in real world scenarios.

(Carrying it further: If there is no envelope, there's a risk of an instantaneous transition from non-zero to zero or vice versa. Instantaneous transitions require a lot of high-frequency content, which we hear as a click. A linear transition effectively lowpass-filters the instantaneous transition -- there are still artifacts, but they are relatively low amplitude, and in a frequency range normally occupied by musical tones at a much higher amplitude. A ramp-enveloped sound will never be perfect, but it's better than a rectangular envelope.)

"replaced by something better" -- A sinusoidal envelope shows a smoother spectrogram. You might try that: cos * 0.5 + 0.5 -- from pi to 2pi is your ramp up, 0 to pi is the ramp down.

Edit: You can eliminate the +0.5 by squaring the cos and halving theta, because cos^2 x = cos(2x) * 0.5 + 0.5. Actually cos~, IIRC, scales radians down to 0 .. 1, so you could do line~ --> cos~ --> [*~] (cos~ to both inlets) and drive it by "0.25, 0.5 30" for the ramp up, and "0, 0.25 50" for the ramp down. Haven't verified this at the computer but I think it's right.

hjh

Ganymede.7z (includes its own limited set of samples)

Background:

Ganymede was created to test a bet I made with myself:

that I could boil down drum sequencing to a single knob (i.e. instead of writing a pattern).

As far as I am concerned, I won the bet.

The trick is...

Instead of using a knob to turn, for example, up or down a metro, you use it to turn up or down the modulus of a counter, ie. counter[1..16]>[mod X]>[sel 0]>play the sample. If you do this then add an offset control, then where the beat occurs changes in Real-Time.

But you'll have to decide for yourself whether I won the bet. .

(note: I have posted a few demos using it in various stages of its' carnation recently in the Output section of the Forum and intend to share a few more, now that I have posted this.)

Remember, Ganymede is an instrument, i.e. Not an editor.

It is intended to be "played" or...allowed to play by itself.

(aside: specifically designed to be played with an 8-channel, usb, midi, mixer controller and mouse, for instance an Akai Midimix or Novation LaunchPad XL.)

So it does Not save patterns nor do you "write" patterns.

Instead, you can play it and save the audio~ output to a wave file (for use later as a loop, song, etc.)

Jumping straight to The Chase...

How to use it:

REQUIRES:
moonlib, zexy, list-abs, hcs, cyclone, tof, freeverb~ and iemlib

THE 7 SECTIONS:

• GLOBAL:
  • to set parameters for all 8 tracks, exs. pick the samples directory from a tof/pmenu or OPEN_IND_DIR (open an independent directory) (see below "Samples"for more detail)
  • randomizing parameters, random all. randomize all every 10*seconds, maximum number of bars when randomizing bars, CLR the randomizer check boxes
  • PLAY, L(imited) or I(nfinite) counter, if L then number of bars to play before resetting counter, bpm(menu)
  • MSTVOL
  • transport/recording (on REC files are automatically saved to ./ganymede/recordings with datestamp filename, the output is zexy limited to 98 and the volume controls the boost into the limiter)

• PLAYHEADS:
  • indicating where the track is "beating"
  • blank=no beat and black-to-red where redder implies greater env~ rms

• MODULAE:
  • for information only to show the relative values of the selected modulators

• WEIGHTS:
  • sent to [list-wrandom] when randomizing the When, Accent, and Offset modulators
  • to use click READ_ARRAYS, adjust as desired, click WRITE, uncheck READ ARRAYS
  • EVEN=unweighted, RND for random, and 0-7 for preset shapes

• PRESETS:
  • ...self explanatory

• PER TRACK ACCORDION:

  • 8 sections, 1 per track
  • each open-closable with the left most bang/track
  • opening one track closes the previously opened track
  • includes main (always shown)
    • with knobs for the sample (with 300ms debounce)
    • knobs for the modulators (When, Accent, and Offset) [1..16]
    • toggles if you want that parameter to be randomized after X bars
  • and when opened, 5 optional effects
    • adsr, vcf, delayfb, distortion, and reverb
    • D-W=dry-wet
    • 2 parameters per effect

• ALL:
  when ON. sets the values for all of the tracks to the same value; reverts to the original values when turned OFF

MIDI:

CC 7=MASTER VOLUME

The other controls exposed to midi are the first four knobs of the accordion/main-gui. In other words, the Sample, When, Accent, and Offset knobs of each track. And the MUTE and SOLO of each track.

Control is based on a midimap file (./midimaps/midimap-default.txt).

So if it is easier to just edit that file to your controller, then just make a backup of it and edit as you need. In other words, midi-learn and changing midimap files is not supported.

The default midimap is:

By track

CCs

---TRACK---	---SAMPLE---	---WHEN---	---ACCENT---	--- OFFSET---
0	16	17	18	19
1	20	21	22	23
2	24	25	26	27
3	28	29	30	31
4	46	47	48	49
5	50	51	52	53
6	54	55	56	57
7	58	59	60	61

NOTEs

---TRACK---	---MUTE---	---SOLO---
0	1	3
1	4	6
2	7	9
3	10	12
4	13	15
5	16	18
6	19	21
7	22	24

SAMPLES:

Ganymede looks for samples in its ./samples directory by subdirectory.

It generates a tof/pmenu from the directories in ./samples.

Once a directory is selected, it then searches for ./**/.wav (wavs within 1-deep subdirectories) and then ./*.wav (wavs within that main "kit" directory).

I have uploaded my collection of samples (that I gathered from https://archive.org/details/old-school-sample-cds-collection-01, Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International Creative Commons License, 90's Old School Sample CDs Collection by CyberYoukai) to the following link on my Google Drive:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SQmrLqhACOXXSmaEf0Iz-PiO7kTkYzO0/view?usp=sharing

It is a large 617 Mb .7z file, including two directories: by-instrument with 141 instruments and by-kit with 135 kits. The file names and directory structure have all been laid out according to Ganymede's needs, ex. no spaces, etc.

My suggestion to you is unpack the file into your Path so they are also available for all of your other patches.

MAKING KITS:

I found Kits are best made by adding directories in a "custom-kits" folder to your sampls directory and just adding files, but most especially shortcuts/symlinks to all the files or directories you want to include in the kit into that folder, ex. in a "bongs&congs" folder add shortcuts to those instument folders. Then, create a symnlink to "bongs&congs" in your ganymede/samples directory.

Note: if you want to experiment with kits on-the-fly (while the patch is on) just remember to click the REFRESH bang to get a new tof/pmenu of available kits from your latest ./samples directory.

If you want more freedom than a dynamic menu, you can use the OPEN_IND(depedent)_DIR bang to open any folder. But do bear in mind, Ganymede may not see all the wavs in that folder.

---

AFTERWARD/NOTES

• the [hcs/folder_list] [tof/pmenu] can only hold (the first) 64 directories in the ./samples directory

• the use of 1/16th notes (counter-interval) is completely arbitrary. However, that value (in the [pd global_metro] subpatch...at the noted hradio) is exposed and I will probably incorporate being able to change it in a future version)

• rem: one of the beauties of this technique is: If you don't like the beat,rhythm, etc., you need only click ALL to get an entirely new beat or any of the other randomizers to re-randomize it OR let if do that by itself on AUTO until you like it, then just take it off AUTO.

• One fun thing to do, is let it morph, with some set of toggles and bars selected, and just keep an ear out for the Really choice ones and record those or step in to "play" it, i.e. tweak the effects and parameters. It throws...rolls...a lot of them.

• Another thing to play around with is the notion of Limited (bumpy) or Infinite(flat) sequences in conjunction with the number of bars. Since when and where the modulator triggers is contegent on when it resets.

• Designed, as I said before, to be played, esp. once it gets rolling, it allows you to focus on the production (instead of writing beats) by controlling the ALL and Individual effects and parameters.

• Note: if you really like the beat Don't forget to turn off the randomizers. CLEAR for instance works well. However you can't get the back the toggle values after they're cleared. (possible feature in next version)

• The default.txt preset loads on loadbang. So if you want to save your state, then just click PRESETS>SAVE.

• [folder_list] throws error messages if it can't find things, ex. when you're not using subdirectories in your kit. No need to worry about it. It just does that.

---

POSTSCRIPT

If you need any help, more explanation, advise, or have opinions or insight as to how I can make it better, I would love to hear from you.

I think that's >=95% of what I need to tell you.

If I think of anything else, I'll add it below.

Peace thru Music.
Love thru Pure Data.

-s
,

@oid This is a problem from my 2nd ever dynamic patch, so I wouldn't try to read deep meaning into my questions . Like my first dynamic patch, it's just a patch that generates the repetitive, static parts of other patches--a way to reduce the tedium of having to edit multiple send/receive names by hand, that's all. I'm expecting to have to cut and paste from this helper patch into the patch I'm really trying to write, so the value of $0 in the generating patch is irrelevant. Is that reasonable? In a patch that needed its UI to be dynamically generated, your way would make total sense, but I'm def not there yet. Also, regarding your other topic, I think the message that dynamically generates a vslider can itself be static, so I'm not sure that add2 technique is applicable.

@ingox OK, now I'm getting the same results as you, which is odd because the patch I've presented is just a small example from a larger patch that was giving me trouble. After discovering the $\$0 syntax I applied it to that larger patch, saw that it too was working, and then posted this topic. But now my larger patch is broken, which makes me believe that the system is behaving differently since running your patches (and that I wasn't previously hallucinating). But that can't be true, right?

So here's another small patch to demonstrate how my larger patch is (now) broken: dynamicPatchVerticalSlider2.pd

See how \$0 is just generating a 0 in the send symbol? When I save and reload it to test the fader (which doesn't work), the backslash gets dropped from the creation message!

So next I try falling back to the syntax I got working earlier, and the generated vslider send symbol looks good

and on reloading it I can confirm that it is good, but now I can't use my generating patch because $1 is backslash escaped!

Hello! First time poster here.

I'm looking in to the possibilities with sending signals between instances of PD.
My 'dream' scenario would be to have a setup something like this:

One "control" branch which handles most interaction with the real world, presets, signal routing and conditioning, etc. this would optimally be running at 96k (0.5x192k) sample rate.

One "sound generation" branch. Basically oscillators and some sound shaping, running 192k.

One "filtering and output" branch, running at 192k but with upsampling to 2x for the filter section. The "baseline" level of this branch would be hosting some envelope generators and the audio output.

So what I'm hoping for is to:
Send signals from both "real world" and the "control" branch, directly into "sound generation" and "filtering and output" in parallel. Having them arrive simultaneously at each destination.
This, while the audio would be running in a straight series manor:
Generation->Filtering->Output. (Hopefully not landing in the 192k level of the filtering branch before being upsampled and filtered..)

So...
Would this be possible? Maybe its just as simple as using sends and throws? Or are we forced to build in levels, so to say? Having control signals go through "Sound Generation" before heading on to "Filtering and output".
The documentation in how this feature works seems like a well kept secret I'm trying to find examples how others handle these things but I've been coming up short.

A bonus question, simple yes or no
Is communicating either control or audio, through the PD~ object, faster than the other?

I hope I spark some inspiration in someone who might put my spinning head to rest! I'm looking forwards to sharing this project when it's done, I think i've managed to get a very pleasing sound. The main reason for the layout I'm pondering is basically to have "note" and "velocity" sent directly to both "sound generation" and "filtering and outout", to minimize latency between keydown and envelope trigger. Maybe I'm just being stupid

Cheers!

NoxSiren is a modular synthesizer system where the punishment of failure is the beginning of a new invention.

--DOWNLOAD-- NoxSiren for :

• Pure Data :
  NoxSiren v15.rar
  NoxSiren v14.rar

• Purr Data :
  NoxSiren v15.rar
  NoxSiren v14.rar

--DOWNLOAD-- ORCA for :

• x64, OSX, Linux :
  https://hundredrabbits.itch.io/orca

In order to connect NoxSiren system to ORCA system you also need a virtual loopback MIDI-ports:

--DOWNLOAD-- loopMIDI for :

• Windows 7 up to Windows 10, 32 and 64 bit :
  https://www.tobias-erichsen.de/software/loopmidi.html

#-= Cyber Notes [v15] =-#

• added BORG-IMPLANT module.
• introduction to special modules.
• more system testing.

#-= Special Modules [v15] =-#

• BORG-IMPLANT (connects ORCA MIDI system to NoxSiren system)

#-= Current Modules [v15] =-#

• VCO (voltage-controlled-oscillator)
• VCO2 (advance voltage-controlled-oscillator)
• WAVEBANK (additive synthesis oscillator)
• ADSR (Attack-Decay-Sustain-Release envelope)
• C-ADSR (Curved Attack-Decay-Sustain-Release envelope)
• CICADAS (128 steps-Euclidean rhythm generator)
• CICADAS-2 (advance 128-steps polymorphic-Euclidean rhythm generator)
• COMPRESSOR (lookahead mono compressor unit)
• DUAL-COMPRESSOR (2-channel lookahead mono compressor unit)
• STEREO-COMPRESSOR (lookahead stereo compressor unit)
• MONO-KEYS (virtual 1-voice monophonic MIDI keyboard)
• POLY-KEYS-2 (virtual 2-voice polyphonic MIDI keyboard)
• POLY-KEYS-3 (virtual 3-voice polyphonic MIDI keyboard)
• POLY-KEYS-4 (virtual 4-voice polyphonic MIDI keyboard)
• POLY-KEYS-5 (virtual 5-voice polyphonic MIDI keyboard)
• POLY-KEYS-6 (virtual 6-voice polyphonic MIDI keyboard)
• BATTERY (simple manual triggered machine for drumming.)
• REVERB (reverb unit with lowpass control)
• STEREO-REVERB (stereo reverb unit with lowpass control)
• RESIN (advanced rain effect/texture generator)
• NOISE (generates black,brown,red and orange noise)
• NOISE2 (generates yellow,blue,pink and white noise)
• COBALT (6-stage polyrhythm generator)
• SHAPER (basic shaper unit)
• FOLDER (basic wave folding unit)
• STEREO-FOLDER (stereo wave folding unit)
• DUAL-FOLDER (advance wave folding unit)
• POLARIZER (transform a signal into bi-polar, uni-polar, inverted or inverted uni-polar form)
• CLOCK (generates a BPM clock signal for sequencing other modules)
• CLOCKDIVIDER (a clock divider with even division of clock signal)
• CLOCKDIVIDER2 (a clock divider with odd division of clock signal)
• DELAY-UNIT (delay unit)
• STEREO-DELAY (stereo delay unit)
• CHORUS (chorus unit)
• STEREO-CHORUS (stereo chorus unit)
• SEQ (advance 16-step/trigger sequencer)
• KICK (synthesize kick unit)
• KICK2 (synthesize flavor of KICK module)
• KICK3 (synthesize flavor of KICK module)
• SNARE (synthesize snare unit)
• CLAP (synthesize clap unit)
• CYMBAL (synthesize cymbal unit)
• RAND (RNG generator for other modules parameters)
• FMOD (feedback modulation unit)
• AM (amplitude modulation unit)
• RM (ring modulation unit)
• LFO (low-frequency-oscillator)
• LFO2 (advance low-frequency-oscillator)
• COMBINATOR (combine two waves)
• COMBINATOR2 (combine three waves)
• COMBINATOR3 (combine four waves)
• STRING (Karplus-Strong string synthesis unit)
• STRING2 (advance Karplus-Strong string synthesis unit)
• DETUNER (parametric 4-channel detuner unit)
• CRUSHER (basic audio resolution unit)
• STEREO-CRUSHER (basic stereo audio resolution unit)
• DUAL-CRUSHER (advance audio resolution unit)
• FILTER (basic filter)
• VCF (voltage-controlled-filter)
• MAR (Moog-analog-resonant filter)
• VCA (voltage-controlled-amplifier)
• DUAL-VCA (advance voltage-controlled-amplifier)
• FMUX (multiplexer with fast A/D internal envelope)
• MMUX (multiplexer with medium A/D internal envelope)
• SMUX (multiplexer with slow A/D internal envelope)
• FDMX (demultiplexer with fast A/D internal envelope)
• MDMX (demultiplexer with medium A/D internal envelope)
• SDMX (demultiplexer with slow A/D internal envelope)
• MIXER (mix 1-4 possible waves)
• SCOPE (oscilloscope analyzer)
• MASTER (fancy DAC~)
• BOX (useless decorative module)

NoxSiren integrated modules menu system.

This is how i see it:

┏━	━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━	┳━	━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━	┓
┃	Functional programming	┃	Pure Data	┃
┡━	━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━	╇━	━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━	┩
├	Function	┼	Abstraction	┤
├─	──────────────────	┼─	────────────────────────────────	┤
├	Define function in code	┼	Create abstraction as separate file	┤
├─	──────────────────	┼─	────────────────────────────────	┤
├	Call function	┼	Send a message to left inlet of the abstraction	┤
├─	──────────────────	┼─	────────────────────────────────	┤
├	Arguments	┼	Input into the inlets and creation arguments	┤
├─	──────────────────	┼─	────────────────────────────────	┤
├	Return values	┼	Output of the outlets	┤
├─	──────────────────	┼─	────────────────────────────────	┤
├	Local variables	┼	$0 in object names	┤
├─	──────────────────	┼─	────────────────────────────────	┤
├	Recursive function	┼	Manual recursion by using [until] outside of the abstraction	┤
└─	──────────────────	┴─	────────────────────────────────	┘